Arrangement of personnel is still a trifle thing, that perplexed new cabinet most was the financial problem at that time. The old saying of China is spoken well, " one fen baffles heroes " ,Without money, brighter blueprint, you speak a wild boastly, even the heavenly maids scatter blossoms reveal the throat, it is no use that that is too, any things can not be done finally. The Chinese question often lies in, they do not like discussing the money on the mesa, seem to discuss this thing is very vulgar, but actually otherwise, such as the 1911 Revolution, only revolutionary spirit does not serve the purpose at all, must not continue revoluting until being rich ---So the revolution has failed.
One can't make bricks without straw. Tang ShaoYi as newly appointed cabinet's Premier does not have this question of money to meet too, and his most important task at that time is no more than that made the money. Perhaps will someone ask impressive one the Republic of China, how could is not there money? It is ridiculous! But reality is cruel, the situation at that time really had no money, really had no money ---If is rich, how could Yuan Shikai let the matter rest, compromise and make a concession in Revolutionary Party? You know, have been exerted an uplifting influence on the Chinese for several thousand years by the autocratic thought, always like going to extremes in struggle for right, defeat a king and defeat the bandit, the life-and-death, does not always understand what is called poised face-off, and reach the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and give up the throne, realize such result to the satisfaction of all of the republicanism in the 1911 Revolution, rare in China's history.
The question of getting back to the money comes up. The fiscal revenues on the initial stage of entering the GATT were probably more than 10 million Liang in Qing Dynasty, developed into 30 million Liang when Kang Xi faces, Yong Zheng dynasty close to ten million two Forth Five-Year Plan Period, though there will be various that relieve the people in stricken areas and reduce or remit the action of the grain of field during some famine years, but still accumulated the silver of more than 80 million Liang storehouse (peak value in the 42nd year of Qianlong when reached the summit of Qianlong's dynasty, still maintained at the scale of six or seven ten million Liang of stock hereafter) ,This is the supreme level which the national treasury accumulates before industrialized era too. It's a pity, after reaching Jiaqing, each, Qing Dynasty felled from the pinnacle of one's power, went from bad to worse, the finance of getting to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period nearly collapses even more.
Mainly there were four items in the fiscal revenues of late Qing after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, i.e. feudal land tax regular tax, salt gabelle, one li of gold and customs' tariff. In the period of Guang Xu in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, generally have fiscal revenues of seven, 80 million Liang, planing the expenses still can have a million two silver left for a Forth Five-Year Plan Period every year, but compensate 230 million two after the Sino-Japanese War suffers a defeat, draw past empty basically, must borrow money(the war add military spending expenditure and borrow money interest paid, can't always leave 350 million Liang, it is equivalent to the fiscal revenues of four years of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, this does not still include the Japanese aggressor troop and destroy the territory where the property robbed loses and cuts and takes in China) . Wait until the age son is annual, those muddleheaded and careless and ignorant ones kiss an expensive once to meddle with, the result causes the invasion to China of the Eight Strategic Nerve Points, in " hard ugly treaty " that sign subsequently, people pay an indemnity a silver each person, it is 450 million Liang altogether. For pay pen this pay an indemnity, Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty lift, borrow heavy external debt again, profit this roll to must compensate nearly more than ten pieces (because Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty pay a large amount of silver to the western countries profit, cause the silver price of world of 1902-1903 to slump to historical minimum) .
After the age son is annual, the Queen Mother Ci Xi decides to implement the new policies for saving the imperial court that will collapse soon, but handling affairs must spend money, make new policies, such as troop training, education, alert policy, constitutional government, industry,etc., and heavy indemnity, which place need a large amount of silver? However, surprisingly, in so difficult cases, Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty can be through increasing methods such as the new tax, expanding the old tax, issuing the bonds, setting up the bank,etc., made the annual fiscal revenues increase at the speed of 30%, the fiscal revenues of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty exceeded one hundred million record-breakingly in 1903, and by 1910, the fiscal revenues have already been close to 300 million Liang.
But necessary expenses great because of new policies, for example arranging, practising and keeping new army need 50 million or two more than every year. Therefore, though the fiscal revenues of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty are increasing every year (people's intensity of burden of taxation is limited, in addition the tax can rebel soon! ),But it very surprising too ' For example the deficit has reached 30 million Liang in 1903) ,It is the east that moves the west and borrows, anticipates the income finally, but still unable to get rid of the bankrupt edge.
The financial one in a difficult position improve because of setting up the Republic of China, on the contrary, because the dynasty replaces, the tax revenues that should be paid originally were not mostly collected normally (even collected, do not send under guard to the central authorities either in the locality at all levels) . So, no matter the cabinet of Beijing of the provisional government of Nanjing or Tang ShaoYi, in fact all penniless paupers, can only hate not being grown and paid the bill by oneself.
There was a method of helping meet an urgent need at that time, that was to borrow money from foreign adults. Someone that want, ask foreign adult why want mercy of sending, lend China money? Reason very simple, everybody think capitalism for a century at Western imperialist powers do, wealth accumulation is generous, and the natural instincts of the capital chase profit, China was close to 500 million people at that time, should that be more than one large market? Even if earns a Liang of silver from each Chinese, then there are 500 million profits, it is a serious figure. Moreover, if get the government project of China, for example building the railway or borrowing money directly, that profit is very considerable. However, if the confused words that can't bear all the time of China, the foreign capital could not just earn the money, so they need to stabilize the situation alone, obviously, this person is Yuan Shikai.
In fact, Sun Yat-sen has ever looked for big powers such as U.S.A., Britain, Japan,etc. and discussed the matters of the borrowed money before coming back home, but foreign adults are all some businessmen who is good at calculating, they do not believe Sun Yat-sen possesses qualification and ability that force the pace, demand, refuse to borrowed money its politely, make Sun Yat-sen come back home, while a reporter asks how many huge sums of money he has taken back, have to with " Revolutionary spirit " Stall off.
Revolutionary spirit pieces of fine things no doubt, can't act as meal take, born, pay the bill, come on after all. After the provisional government of Nanjing is established, there are more than 200,000 people's militias from various places assembling in Nanjing planning to launch the Northern Expedition at that time, but provisional government have money give them can't issue soldier's pay and provisions, not only this Northern Expedition, it is even to have a meal a problem instead. The north foreign less than where that side go army, grand abundant interior Nu of empress dowager give Yuan Shikai force whom area deceive make out in succession, can see the financial form in straitened circumstances at that time.
Foreign adult willing to lend China money, another important reason is that the borrowed money is the fine business of making big profits with a small capital. Take boxer indemnity fund as an exmple, stipulate in " hard ugly treaty " that only 450 million Liang, but pay an indemnity in order to pay this pen in Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, drop nearly ten hundred million debts, profit this roll profit, foreign enormous profits of adult all. Certainly, will someone say in case Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty this or fall from power, foreigner afraid debt nobody of them responsible for? This kind of situation is really to happen occasionally, but generally speaking, the external debt before admitting of big city of new government remains valid, moreover, foreigners will all generally do mortgages with salt gabelle, customs duty,etc. at that time.
Therefore, wait until Yuan Shikai has acted as the temporary president of the Republic of China, foreign adult make up one group, bank of four countries, ' I.e. Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation of Britain, Bank of France of France, Germany China bank of Germany and Bank of America-National Trust & Savings Association) ,They come voluntarily, show, can lend huge sum of money (interest is not certainly no the little figure) ,But demand to accord the priority to them. Yuan Shikai worry, have money handle affairs, this deliver to one's home come on a reason refused, then agree joyfully, require the groups of banks of four countries to pay first 400,000 pounds first. The groups of banks of four countries have wealth speak louder than others, 400,000 pounds are certainly nothing difficult, hand over next day.
Subsequently, Yuan Shikai points out again Tang ShaoYi continues discussing and dealing with problems arising from an accident the matters of the large borrowed money with groups of banks of four countries. Tang Premier in and negotiations of four countries bank the group in,mood the getting more unpleasant very, because of adultses foreign not merely terms the harsh, and will assign hands and carry on financial supervision, require mortgages to assure etc. easily, then he turns round and thinks, the old leader Li Hongzhang that year by getting up is " by making safely safely " That set of tricks, and has looked for the Belgian bank and borrowed the advance of 1 million pounds in the dark.
There is this sum of borrowed money, this just confidence of Tang ShaoYi goes to Nanjing to form a cabinet fully, return to Beijing in Wuchang, Nanjing and Shanghai joyfully just now after using up several million two silver. But has not waited until him president Yuan's newspaper work yet, ministers of four countries send one and present a note to, protest Premier Tang to ignore the priority of groups of banks of four countries, borrow from his home the cloud cloud of huge sum of money without authorization.
Yuan Shikai sees this note, knows too oneself is formerly in the wrong, have to allege and does not know this, shift responsibility onto Premier Tang's body. Premier Tang is about to explain, but president Yuan has taught him a method, let the American minister mediate and mediate from it, return the borrowed money of the Belgian bank when the time comes but ask for a loan only from the groups of banks of four countries. The groups of banks of four countries are originally all some businessmen forgetting what is right at the sight of profit, see Tang ShaoYi promise to return than the fund, investigate both sides continue, go on, deal with problems arising from an accident large negotiation of borrowed money no longer too. Belgian bank words of an insignificant person carry little weight, dry group, bank of four countries, after all, the ones that has to submit to humiliation recover principal and interest.
In the negotiation that is and subsequent in group in bank in Shikoku, Tang ShaoYi, according to president Yuan's instruction, demand to borrow 75 million Liang huge sums of money, number put forward than before this has another more several times. The foreign adults of the groups of banks of four countries are very shocked too, ask Premier Tang what use borrowed money will do, Premier Tang is not thought that blurt out to answer: " disband army use only " . The foreign adult interface asked: "How many funds does it cost to disband the army? " Premier Tang has not calculated specifically either for the moment, only say it takes 30 million Liang at least. Foreign adult emerge first appearance that distrust very much, borrowed money can call listen to, but must send someone to supervise the use of the loan, otherwise unwilling to lend. Tang ShaoYi knows the state of affair greatly after listening to ----Are not the sports of protecting the way of that Sichuan because does the large borrowed money cause?
When the borrowed money negotiates and gets into a difficult position, financial chief Xiong XiLing of the cabinet just comes to Beijing to take up an official post, Tang ShaoYi just takes advantage of a favourable situation to push this borrowed money heavy burden to finance minister Xiong. Xiong XiLing, the word grasps three, is the drawing room of phoenix of Hunan (the phoenix county of today) originally People, it is called " bear's phoenix " ,The person has had bright natural gift since childhood, the Xiucai in 14 years old, the successful candidate in 18 years old, 19 year old smooth to through will try, wait for final imperial examination of participating in pass the civil service examinations at one blow, nitpick, say examiner calligraphy conform to final imperial examination require ' I believe an examiner envies its juvenile talent) ,Typed back the exercise calligraphy. Been waiting for by 1894 straight, just some doctorates age of Xiong Xi 25 years old, entering the Imperial Academy. Though Xiong XiLing is a imperial examinations middleman, but thought modish, agree to reform. During the Reform Movement of 1848, XiLing Xiong admonish, appoint as the premier, school of trends of the times, treasure Chen, governor of a province of Hunan, the bear wishes the first thing that the new officer takes up an official post is to invite Liang Qichao to serve as Chinese to always teach and practise age. Good when defending coup in fifth, Xiong XiLing is just in the township due to illness, this has just escaped from a disaster.
In 1905, sent five ministers to go abroad to investigate the constitutional government in Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, Xiong XiLing set out together as the attache too, after investigating, wrote the thing of the study report and left on Xiong XiLing's body. It is said in fact out of go into exile Liang Qichao and the hands of Japan five minister of the study reports, and XiLing Xiong imperial court minister and roof beam, middle bridge waiting for someone Yang just. In 1909, Xiong XiLing presented the day province (today Liaoning) with respect upon instruction Make up the local financial tax revenue and wait for, break out for the moment, is praised as the financing past master of the court. Behind the 1911 Revolution, because XiLing Xiong agree to republicanism, resign, get back to Shanghai and join chapter unified party (and then merge into Republican Party) that inflammation organize very much . Being nominated after cabinet's financial chief by Premier Tang, Xiong XiLing begins to decline, but that it would be ungracious not to accept your invitation later, had to promise to take up one's post. However, he did not go to Beijing immediately, but help Huang Xing to solve the people's militia's soldier's pay and provisions problem in Nanjing first, later just went to Beijing.
While leaving Nanjing, Xiong XiLing is very clear too those people's militias in Nanjing lack putting and potential mutiny danger in straitened circumstances of the soldier's pay and provisions, then the thing that he should be done first after taking up an official post is to raise a sum of borrowed money to give to Huang Xing first, in order to dissolve the army. This financial chief of incoming really has some skills, he is not only good at managing money matters, and eloquence is very fine ' But this point is better than Premier Tang) ,According to being eloquent, return way,etc. say so that it is clearly and logically whole borrowing program, use actually, foreign adults hear convincingly too, promise to pay for 3 million Liang first right away, put the concrete matters of the large borrowed money aside and deal with problems arising from an accident subsequently.
When the bear wishes the animated one should tell Huang Xing good news age, but Nanjing sends a text, claim: "Paying for the rules not only supervise China's finances, will supervise the army of our country, can bear, who can't bear? The army is the lifeblood of the national defence, how could permit foreigners to interfere to this kind of stage? Does finance minister Xiong forget to protect how the sports of the way take place? Will not know the lesson that causes a state to perish that Egypt has borrowed money? Over these 20 years, the countless Chinese persons of ideals and integrity have gone through fire and boiled water, does not hesitate to die, and then today getting the Republic of China in return, will ruin the Republic of China soon for the trivial advance of 3 million? It is here so long as the rest of us are still alive, will never acknowledge this borrowed money condition of causing a state to perish, ask finance minister Xiong to ban the borrowed money " Yun Yun. Xiong XiLing is frightened by such a righteously indignant telegram, see who is it to inscribe in this in a hurry, but see the telegram put the absolutely clear writing of angle " Huang Xing " And the name which a great deal of people's militias of Nanjing will get.
XiLing Xiong so angry that take, rise from fire come nearly behind the backbone by now ----I am so arduous and foreign people socialize, borrow 3 million silver with great difficulty, what is pursued? Not in order to solve the matter of great urgency for Huang Xing? It is good by now, you snarl and snap at Lu dongbin, fail to see the good heart, have you forgotten to be how to roar urgently to press for fund in the telegram originally?
In a moment of anger, Xiong XiLing urges Huang Xing the telegram of the fund is made known publicly, Nanjing danger and stooping to compromise the narration garbling a story by adding details one's own that people's militia might mutiny because of lacking the pay. Moreover, Xiong XiLing satirizes Huang Xing to lack political experience in the telegram yet, understand economy, say if Huang Xing on the throne what, must ruin the Republic of China.
Revolutionary founder Huang Xing and newly appointed finance minister Xiong XiLing's telegram fight, cause the great disturbance at once. Commander-in-chief in ancient China, Congressman, newspaper of all parts,etc., air one's own views one after another, have, criticize bear wish age weak diplomacy, have, curse that finance minister betray one's country, criticize Huang Xing for ignoring overall situation too, numerous.
In the noise of the roar in the public opinion, temporary Senate comes to interfere too, some Congressmen require Tang ShaoYi and cabinet member to go to Senate to explain the situation. At meeting, young and aggressive Congressman continue to Tang appearance group get up, ask reprovingly, they question use of borrowed money, bank of Belgian, criticize Premier Tang lose the confidence of people, see suspicion on neighbouring country, even someone curse ShaoYi Tang to " cause a state to perish the premier " still . Where it meets to be so the posture ShaoYi Tang ' Know democracy terribly by now) ,Too tired to deal with at the meeting-place unexpectedly, to losing and reacting simply later, transfixed there, say no word. And Xiong XiLing feel wronged and act rashly and does not go to work in the going department simply after learning that pays for a matter to fall through, the government affairs sink into the standstill.
Tang ShaoYi is so angry as to have no place to give vent to too after being been forced by this of Senate for no reason, submit to president Yuan to and resign on the same day evening. Though Yuan Shikai is discontended with Tang ShaoYi, the first cabinet collapses so fast if he does not want either to let, urge the speech to stay have to be warm, it is not rash to advise Tang ShaoYi to be slightly good, stand just a few tentatively.
Hardly has one wave subsided when another rises. The matter of borrowed money is put down temporarily and does not mention, the question of suitable person of the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction arouses disturbances again. Originally, after the 1911 Revolution, the people of this province served as the commander-in-chief in ancient China to prevail in every province, if Li yuan the big superintend and direct there aren't Hubei Province, 30 jins strong Li,subordinate to there aren't some Congressman such as valley clock show,et al. direct at that time. Wang ZhiXiang, the people in Tong County directly under the jurisdiction, make and concurrently patrol and prevent the camp from commanding for the cloth policy of Guangxi originally, anyway participate in the revolution in the 1911 Revolution, later on because Lu RongTing takes the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China of Guangxi, Wang ZhiXiang can not have a foothold in Guangxi, leads department to Nanjing and plans to participate in the Northern Expedition. It's a pity the Northern Expedition has no resolution, southern Revolutionary Party wants to let him take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction, in order to expand the force of Revolutionary Party.
Everybody think it subordinate toes to be the north foreign trusted subordinate area of army directly, how could let others' sound it will be side of the bed? So, Yuan Shikai's proposition to southern Revolutionary Party is ignored, but appoint one's own trusted subordinate a piece of tin Luan to take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction. Tang ShaoYi attempted to mediate the north and south contradiction, echoed the requirement of southern Revolutionary Party too at that time during forming a cabinet in Nanjing, Wang ZhiXiang takes the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction to put forward to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai though unhappy, do, object to it in word, say, let sesame Wang auspicious to come on to Beijing first only. Tang continue appearance think Yuan Shikai agree, appoint Wang ZhiXiang take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction already, then sending a telegram to let him come to Beijing for Wang ZhiXiang excitedly.
Waiting for Wang ZhiXiang to Beijing, Tang ShaoYi asks Yuan Shikai to release while appointing the book, but Yuan Shikai take out several telegram, subordinate to five No. military circles object to sesame Wang auspicious to take up one's post the energizing of the commander-in-chief in ancient China direct. Extremely angry after Tang ShaoYi sees, say: "President promise how about can lose the confidence of people already? Moreover, soldiers interfere politics, I'm afraid it is not the good fortune of the Republic of China. "
Yuan Shikai has grunted, says: "That is promised by you before this, do I did ever promise? Wang ZhiXiang is a revolutionary partisan, if he comes to become a commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction, do not invite a wolf into house? " Tang continue appearance anger anger right dish: "Appoint that functions and powers of cabinet, how could interfere and right away change at will by soldier? Moreover, ZhiXiang Wang reach Beijing already, ask I this piece how about the premier hand over cabinet? " Yuan Shikai must smile to lift, one: " but this is easy, since an old fellow like me is full of ideas " .
Should say this democratic society, soldiers look on as and keep neutrality promptly, shouldn't interfere the politics in the country, but it is easy to say, in fact it is extremely difficult to accomplish. Unless for example whether during the Republic of China, do soldier policy have ordinary thing nearly, think Beijing mutiny, five No. warlord politics where military circles energize and reach the peak of perfection this time before this than, really feel dwarfed, not worth mentioning. Tang ShaoYi personally experienced the democratic politics of U.S.A. in youth, he realizes the severity that soldiers do the policy problem too, but he has no barrel of a gun at hand, why can? If he has barrels of a gun, is that that a soldier do the policy? This seems to be a peculiar paradox, but China last century is unable to jump out this strange circle all the time.
Continue appearance make very passive, how about while explaining to Wang ZhiXiang does it know when Tang, but Yuan Shikai calls in Wang ZhiXiang alone, promises to give him a sum of generous funds, let him change to the southern army and declare and console enabling, go back to Nanjing to assist Cheng De, commander-in-chief in ancient China of Jiangsu, to disband the army completely. Premier Tang's face is not so old as president Yuan's after all, but Wang ZhiXiang is originally a bureaucrat trimming one's sails, he is after getting Yuan Shikai's assurance, the support to friend was left out of account unexpectedly, one promises the appointing newly of Yuan Shikai.
Wait until sesame Wang auspicious to hold, appoint book reach Tang continue appearance there want he countersign, unexpectedly Premier Tang is totally kept in the dark, do not know this matter at all. Wait for ShaoYi Tang go back too supernatural to come, this know he superior president Yuan and friend auspicious to betray in pairs in sesame Wang! Under the resentfulness, ShaoYi Tang refuse requirement that countersign absolutely, but ZhiXiang Wang whether piece lie in officer person of person very much, unexpectedly he holds a appointment book that cabinet's Premier countersigned of having, has gone to Nanjing to take up one's post straight!
On the same day evening, Tang ShaoYi has not slept for one night, are not knowing which way to go at all night. He at this moment, remembers that takes up the post of all sorts of that the Premier came in more than one month to frustrate the disgrace and blame, seem to overturn one hundred flavor bottles in the heart, sadness, resentfulness, lonely, helpless, really feel all sorts of feelings well up, all come for the moment. Sit cold window face in the fatherless moon, Tang ShaoYi talks to oneself unavoidably alone: "Democratic republicanism, is made by " temporary provisional constitution ". Since order of president need cabinet countersign, I the the premier very make it even? "
Speech finish, Tang continue appearance compliment make already, by the time it was brighter and brighter, he tidied up the travelling bag, with wife and children to go straight towards the railway station directly to go to Tianjin.
One can't make bricks without straw. Tang ShaoYi as newly appointed cabinet's Premier does not have this question of money to meet too, and his most important task at that time is no more than that made the money. Perhaps will someone ask impressive one the Republic of China, how could is not there money? It is ridiculous! But reality is cruel, the situation at that time really had no money, really had no money ---If is rich, how could Yuan Shikai let the matter rest, compromise and make a concession in Revolutionary Party? You know, have been exerted an uplifting influence on the Chinese for several thousand years by the autocratic thought, always like going to extremes in struggle for right, defeat a king and defeat the bandit, the life-and-death, does not always understand what is called poised face-off, and reach the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and give up the throne, realize such result to the satisfaction of all of the republicanism in the 1911 Revolution, rare in China's history.
The question of getting back to the money comes up. The fiscal revenues on the initial stage of entering the GATT were probably more than 10 million Liang in Qing Dynasty, developed into 30 million Liang when Kang Xi faces, Yong Zheng dynasty close to ten million two Forth Five-Year Plan Period, though there will be various that relieve the people in stricken areas and reduce or remit the action of the grain of field during some famine years, but still accumulated the silver of more than 80 million Liang storehouse (peak value in the 42nd year of Qianlong when reached the summit of Qianlong's dynasty, still maintained at the scale of six or seven ten million Liang of stock hereafter) ,This is the supreme level which the national treasury accumulates before industrialized era too. It's a pity, after reaching Jiaqing, each, Qing Dynasty felled from the pinnacle of one's power, went from bad to worse, the finance of getting to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period nearly collapses even more.
Mainly there were four items in the fiscal revenues of late Qing after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, i.e. feudal land tax regular tax, salt gabelle, one li of gold and customs' tariff. In the period of Guang Xu in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, generally have fiscal revenues of seven, 80 million Liang, planing the expenses still can have a million two silver left for a Forth Five-Year Plan Period every year, but compensate 230 million two after the Sino-Japanese War suffers a defeat, draw past empty basically, must borrow money(the war add military spending expenditure and borrow money interest paid, can't always leave 350 million Liang, it is equivalent to the fiscal revenues of four years of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, this does not still include the Japanese aggressor troop and destroy the territory where the property robbed loses and cuts and takes in China) . Wait until the age son is annual, those muddleheaded and careless and ignorant ones kiss an expensive once to meddle with, the result causes the invasion to China of the Eight Strategic Nerve Points, in " hard ugly treaty " that sign subsequently, people pay an indemnity a silver each person, it is 450 million Liang altogether. For pay pen this pay an indemnity, Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty lift, borrow heavy external debt again, profit this roll to must compensate nearly more than ten pieces (because Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty pay a large amount of silver to the western countries profit, cause the silver price of world of 1902-1903 to slump to historical minimum) .
After the age son is annual, the Queen Mother Ci Xi decides to implement the new policies for saving the imperial court that will collapse soon, but handling affairs must spend money, make new policies, such as troop training, education, alert policy, constitutional government, industry,etc., and heavy indemnity, which place need a large amount of silver? However, surprisingly, in so difficult cases, Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty can be through increasing methods such as the new tax, expanding the old tax, issuing the bonds, setting up the bank,etc., made the annual fiscal revenues increase at the speed of 30%, the fiscal revenues of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty exceeded one hundred million record-breakingly in 1903, and by 1910, the fiscal revenues have already been close to 300 million Liang.
But necessary expenses great because of new policies, for example arranging, practising and keeping new army need 50 million or two more than every year. Therefore, though the fiscal revenues of Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty are increasing every year (people's intensity of burden of taxation is limited, in addition the tax can rebel soon! ),But it very surprising too ' For example the deficit has reached 30 million Liang in 1903) ,It is the east that moves the west and borrows, anticipates the income finally, but still unable to get rid of the bankrupt edge.
The financial one in a difficult position improve because of setting up the Republic of China, on the contrary, because the dynasty replaces, the tax revenues that should be paid originally were not mostly collected normally (even collected, do not send under guard to the central authorities either in the locality at all levels) . So, no matter the cabinet of Beijing of the provisional government of Nanjing or Tang ShaoYi, in fact all penniless paupers, can only hate not being grown and paid the bill by oneself.
There was a method of helping meet an urgent need at that time, that was to borrow money from foreign adults. Someone that want, ask foreign adult why want mercy of sending, lend China money? Reason very simple, everybody think capitalism for a century at Western imperialist powers do, wealth accumulation is generous, and the natural instincts of the capital chase profit, China was close to 500 million people at that time, should that be more than one large market? Even if earns a Liang of silver from each Chinese, then there are 500 million profits, it is a serious figure. Moreover, if get the government project of China, for example building the railway or borrowing money directly, that profit is very considerable. However, if the confused words that can't bear all the time of China, the foreign capital could not just earn the money, so they need to stabilize the situation alone, obviously, this person is Yuan Shikai.
In fact, Sun Yat-sen has ever looked for big powers such as U.S.A., Britain, Japan,etc. and discussed the matters of the borrowed money before coming back home, but foreign adults are all some businessmen who is good at calculating, they do not believe Sun Yat-sen possesses qualification and ability that force the pace, demand, refuse to borrowed money its politely, make Sun Yat-sen come back home, while a reporter asks how many huge sums of money he has taken back, have to with " Revolutionary spirit " Stall off.
Revolutionary spirit pieces of fine things no doubt, can't act as meal take, born, pay the bill, come on after all. After the provisional government of Nanjing is established, there are more than 200,000 people's militias from various places assembling in Nanjing planning to launch the Northern Expedition at that time, but provisional government have money give them can't issue soldier's pay and provisions, not only this Northern Expedition, it is even to have a meal a problem instead. The north foreign less than where that side go army, grand abundant interior Nu of empress dowager give Yuan Shikai force whom area deceive make out in succession, can see the financial form in straitened circumstances at that time.
Foreign adult willing to lend China money, another important reason is that the borrowed money is the fine business of making big profits with a small capital. Take boxer indemnity fund as an exmple, stipulate in " hard ugly treaty " that only 450 million Liang, but pay an indemnity in order to pay this pen in Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, drop nearly ten hundred million debts, profit this roll profit, foreign enormous profits of adult all. Certainly, will someone say in case Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty this or fall from power, foreigner afraid debt nobody of them responsible for? This kind of situation is really to happen occasionally, but generally speaking, the external debt before admitting of big city of new government remains valid, moreover, foreigners will all generally do mortgages with salt gabelle, customs duty,etc. at that time.
Therefore, wait until Yuan Shikai has acted as the temporary president of the Republic of China, foreign adult make up one group, bank of four countries, ' I.e. Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation of Britain, Bank of France of France, Germany China bank of Germany and Bank of America-National Trust & Savings Association) ,They come voluntarily, show, can lend huge sum of money (interest is not certainly no the little figure) ,But demand to accord the priority to them. Yuan Shikai worry, have money handle affairs, this deliver to one's home come on a reason refused, then agree joyfully, require the groups of banks of four countries to pay first 400,000 pounds first. The groups of banks of four countries have wealth speak louder than others, 400,000 pounds are certainly nothing difficult, hand over next day.
Subsequently, Yuan Shikai points out again Tang ShaoYi continues discussing and dealing with problems arising from an accident the matters of the large borrowed money with groups of banks of four countries. Tang Premier in and negotiations of four countries bank the group in,mood the getting more unpleasant very, because of adultses foreign not merely terms the harsh, and will assign hands and carry on financial supervision, require mortgages to assure etc. easily, then he turns round and thinks, the old leader Li Hongzhang that year by getting up is " by making safely safely " That set of tricks, and has looked for the Belgian bank and borrowed the advance of 1 million pounds in the dark.
There is this sum of borrowed money, this just confidence of Tang ShaoYi goes to Nanjing to form a cabinet fully, return to Beijing in Wuchang, Nanjing and Shanghai joyfully just now after using up several million two silver. But has not waited until him president Yuan's newspaper work yet, ministers of four countries send one and present a note to, protest Premier Tang to ignore the priority of groups of banks of four countries, borrow from his home the cloud cloud of huge sum of money without authorization.
Yuan Shikai sees this note, knows too oneself is formerly in the wrong, have to allege and does not know this, shift responsibility onto Premier Tang's body. Premier Tang is about to explain, but president Yuan has taught him a method, let the American minister mediate and mediate from it, return the borrowed money of the Belgian bank when the time comes but ask for a loan only from the groups of banks of four countries. The groups of banks of four countries are originally all some businessmen forgetting what is right at the sight of profit, see Tang ShaoYi promise to return than the fund, investigate both sides continue, go on, deal with problems arising from an accident large negotiation of borrowed money no longer too. Belgian bank words of an insignificant person carry little weight, dry group, bank of four countries, after all, the ones that has to submit to humiliation recover principal and interest.
In the negotiation that is and subsequent in group in bank in Shikoku, Tang ShaoYi, according to president Yuan's instruction, demand to borrow 75 million Liang huge sums of money, number put forward than before this has another more several times. The foreign adults of the groups of banks of four countries are very shocked too, ask Premier Tang what use borrowed money will do, Premier Tang is not thought that blurt out to answer: " disband army use only " . The foreign adult interface asked: "How many funds does it cost to disband the army? " Premier Tang has not calculated specifically either for the moment, only say it takes 30 million Liang at least. Foreign adult emerge first appearance that distrust very much, borrowed money can call listen to, but must send someone to supervise the use of the loan, otherwise unwilling to lend. Tang ShaoYi knows the state of affair greatly after listening to ----Are not the sports of protecting the way of that Sichuan because does the large borrowed money cause?
When the borrowed money negotiates and gets into a difficult position, financial chief Xiong XiLing of the cabinet just comes to Beijing to take up an official post, Tang ShaoYi just takes advantage of a favourable situation to push this borrowed money heavy burden to finance minister Xiong. Xiong XiLing, the word grasps three, is the drawing room of phoenix of Hunan (the phoenix county of today) originally People, it is called " bear's phoenix " ,The person has had bright natural gift since childhood, the Xiucai in 14 years old, the successful candidate in 18 years old, 19 year old smooth to through will try, wait for final imperial examination of participating in pass the civil service examinations at one blow, nitpick, say examiner calligraphy conform to final imperial examination require ' I believe an examiner envies its juvenile talent) ,Typed back the exercise calligraphy. Been waiting for by 1894 straight, just some doctorates age of Xiong Xi 25 years old, entering the Imperial Academy. Though Xiong XiLing is a imperial examinations middleman, but thought modish, agree to reform. During the Reform Movement of 1848, XiLing Xiong admonish, appoint as the premier, school of trends of the times, treasure Chen, governor of a province of Hunan, the bear wishes the first thing that the new officer takes up an official post is to invite Liang Qichao to serve as Chinese to always teach and practise age. Good when defending coup in fifth, Xiong XiLing is just in the township due to illness, this has just escaped from a disaster.
In 1905, sent five ministers to go abroad to investigate the constitutional government in Imperial Palace of Qing Dynasty, Xiong XiLing set out together as the attache too, after investigating, wrote the thing of the study report and left on Xiong XiLing's body. It is said in fact out of go into exile Liang Qichao and the hands of Japan five minister of the study reports, and XiLing Xiong imperial court minister and roof beam, middle bridge waiting for someone Yang just. In 1909, Xiong XiLing presented the day province (today Liaoning) with respect upon instruction Make up the local financial tax revenue and wait for, break out for the moment, is praised as the financing past master of the court. Behind the 1911 Revolution, because XiLing Xiong agree to republicanism, resign, get back to Shanghai and join chapter unified party (and then merge into Republican Party) that inflammation organize very much . Being nominated after cabinet's financial chief by Premier Tang, Xiong XiLing begins to decline, but that it would be ungracious not to accept your invitation later, had to promise to take up one's post. However, he did not go to Beijing immediately, but help Huang Xing to solve the people's militia's soldier's pay and provisions problem in Nanjing first, later just went to Beijing.
While leaving Nanjing, Xiong XiLing is very clear too those people's militias in Nanjing lack putting and potential mutiny danger in straitened circumstances of the soldier's pay and provisions, then the thing that he should be done first after taking up an official post is to raise a sum of borrowed money to give to Huang Xing first, in order to dissolve the army. This financial chief of incoming really has some skills, he is not only good at managing money matters, and eloquence is very fine ' But this point is better than Premier Tang) ,According to being eloquent, return way,etc. say so that it is clearly and logically whole borrowing program, use actually, foreign adults hear convincingly too, promise to pay for 3 million Liang first right away, put the concrete matters of the large borrowed money aside and deal with problems arising from an accident subsequently.
When the bear wishes the animated one should tell Huang Xing good news age, but Nanjing sends a text, claim: "Paying for the rules not only supervise China's finances, will supervise the army of our country, can bear, who can't bear? The army is the lifeblood of the national defence, how could permit foreigners to interfere to this kind of stage? Does finance minister Xiong forget to protect how the sports of the way take place? Will not know the lesson that causes a state to perish that Egypt has borrowed money? Over these 20 years, the countless Chinese persons of ideals and integrity have gone through fire and boiled water, does not hesitate to die, and then today getting the Republic of China in return, will ruin the Republic of China soon for the trivial advance of 3 million? It is here so long as the rest of us are still alive, will never acknowledge this borrowed money condition of causing a state to perish, ask finance minister Xiong to ban the borrowed money " Yun Yun. Xiong XiLing is frightened by such a righteously indignant telegram, see who is it to inscribe in this in a hurry, but see the telegram put the absolutely clear writing of angle " Huang Xing " And the name which a great deal of people's militias of Nanjing will get.
XiLing Xiong so angry that take, rise from fire come nearly behind the backbone by now ----I am so arduous and foreign people socialize, borrow 3 million silver with great difficulty, what is pursued? Not in order to solve the matter of great urgency for Huang Xing? It is good by now, you snarl and snap at Lu dongbin, fail to see the good heart, have you forgotten to be how to roar urgently to press for fund in the telegram originally?
In a moment of anger, Xiong XiLing urges Huang Xing the telegram of the fund is made known publicly, Nanjing danger and stooping to compromise the narration garbling a story by adding details one's own that people's militia might mutiny because of lacking the pay. Moreover, Xiong XiLing satirizes Huang Xing to lack political experience in the telegram yet, understand economy, say if Huang Xing on the throne what, must ruin the Republic of China.
Revolutionary founder Huang Xing and newly appointed finance minister Xiong XiLing's telegram fight, cause the great disturbance at once. Commander-in-chief in ancient China, Congressman, newspaper of all parts,etc., air one's own views one after another, have, criticize bear wish age weak diplomacy, have, curse that finance minister betray one's country, criticize Huang Xing for ignoring overall situation too, numerous.
In the noise of the roar in the public opinion, temporary Senate comes to interfere too, some Congressmen require Tang ShaoYi and cabinet member to go to Senate to explain the situation. At meeting, young and aggressive Congressman continue to Tang appearance group get up, ask reprovingly, they question use of borrowed money, bank of Belgian, criticize Premier Tang lose the confidence of people, see suspicion on neighbouring country, even someone curse ShaoYi Tang to " cause a state to perish the premier " still . Where it meets to be so the posture ShaoYi Tang ' Know democracy terribly by now) ,Too tired to deal with at the meeting-place unexpectedly, to losing and reacting simply later, transfixed there, say no word. And Xiong XiLing feel wronged and act rashly and does not go to work in the going department simply after learning that pays for a matter to fall through, the government affairs sink into the standstill.
Tang ShaoYi is so angry as to have no place to give vent to too after being been forced by this of Senate for no reason, submit to president Yuan to and resign on the same day evening. Though Yuan Shikai is discontended with Tang ShaoYi, the first cabinet collapses so fast if he does not want either to let, urge the speech to stay have to be warm, it is not rash to advise Tang ShaoYi to be slightly good, stand just a few tentatively.
Hardly has one wave subsided when another rises. The matter of borrowed money is put down temporarily and does not mention, the question of suitable person of the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction arouses disturbances again. Originally, after the 1911 Revolution, the people of this province served as the commander-in-chief in ancient China to prevail in every province, if Li yuan the big superintend and direct there aren't Hubei Province, 30 jins strong Li,subordinate to there aren't some Congressman such as valley clock show,et al. direct at that time. Wang ZhiXiang, the people in Tong County directly under the jurisdiction, make and concurrently patrol and prevent the camp from commanding for the cloth policy of Guangxi originally, anyway participate in the revolution in the 1911 Revolution, later on because Lu RongTing takes the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China of Guangxi, Wang ZhiXiang can not have a foothold in Guangxi, leads department to Nanjing and plans to participate in the Northern Expedition. It's a pity the Northern Expedition has no resolution, southern Revolutionary Party wants to let him take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction, in order to expand the force of Revolutionary Party.
Everybody think it subordinate toes to be the north foreign trusted subordinate area of army directly, how could let others' sound it will be side of the bed? So, Yuan Shikai's proposition to southern Revolutionary Party is ignored, but appoint one's own trusted subordinate a piece of tin Luan to take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction. Tang ShaoYi attempted to mediate the north and south contradiction, echoed the requirement of southern Revolutionary Party too at that time during forming a cabinet in Nanjing, Wang ZhiXiang takes the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction to put forward to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai though unhappy, do, object to it in word, say, let sesame Wang auspicious to come on to Beijing first only. Tang continue appearance think Yuan Shikai agree, appoint Wang ZhiXiang take the post as the commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction already, then sending a telegram to let him come to Beijing for Wang ZhiXiang excitedly.
Waiting for Wang ZhiXiang to Beijing, Tang ShaoYi asks Yuan Shikai to release while appointing the book, but Yuan Shikai take out several telegram, subordinate to five No. military circles object to sesame Wang auspicious to take up one's post the energizing of the commander-in-chief in ancient China direct. Extremely angry after Tang ShaoYi sees, say: "President promise how about can lose the confidence of people already? Moreover, soldiers interfere politics, I'm afraid it is not the good fortune of the Republic of China. "
Yuan Shikai has grunted, says: "That is promised by you before this, do I did ever promise? Wang ZhiXiang is a revolutionary partisan, if he comes to become a commander-in-chief in ancient China directly under the jurisdiction, do not invite a wolf into house? " Tang continue appearance anger anger right dish: "Appoint that functions and powers of cabinet, how could interfere and right away change at will by soldier? Moreover, ZhiXiang Wang reach Beijing already, ask I this piece how about the premier hand over cabinet? " Yuan Shikai must smile to lift, one: " but this is easy, since an old fellow like me is full of ideas " .
Should say this democratic society, soldiers look on as and keep neutrality promptly, shouldn't interfere the politics in the country, but it is easy to say, in fact it is extremely difficult to accomplish. Unless for example whether during the Republic of China, do soldier policy have ordinary thing nearly, think Beijing mutiny, five No. warlord politics where military circles energize and reach the peak of perfection this time before this than, really feel dwarfed, not worth mentioning. Tang ShaoYi personally experienced the democratic politics of U.S.A. in youth, he realizes the severity that soldiers do the policy problem too, but he has no barrel of a gun at hand, why can? If he has barrels of a gun, is that that a soldier do the policy? This seems to be a peculiar paradox, but China last century is unable to jump out this strange circle all the time.
Continue appearance make very passive, how about while explaining to Wang ZhiXiang does it know when Tang, but Yuan Shikai calls in Wang ZhiXiang alone, promises to give him a sum of generous funds, let him change to the southern army and declare and console enabling, go back to Nanjing to assist Cheng De, commander-in-chief in ancient China of Jiangsu, to disband the army completely. Premier Tang's face is not so old as president Yuan's after all, but Wang ZhiXiang is originally a bureaucrat trimming one's sails, he is after getting Yuan Shikai's assurance, the support to friend was left out of account unexpectedly, one promises the appointing newly of Yuan Shikai.
Wait until sesame Wang auspicious to hold, appoint book reach Tang continue appearance there want he countersign, unexpectedly Premier Tang is totally kept in the dark, do not know this matter at all. Wait for ShaoYi Tang go back too supernatural to come, this know he superior president Yuan and friend auspicious to betray in pairs in sesame Wang! Under the resentfulness, ShaoYi Tang refuse requirement that countersign absolutely, but ZhiXiang Wang whether piece lie in officer person of person very much, unexpectedly he holds a appointment book that cabinet's Premier countersigned of having, has gone to Nanjing to take up one's post straight!
On the same day evening, Tang ShaoYi has not slept for one night, are not knowing which way to go at all night. He at this moment, remembers that takes up the post of all sorts of that the Premier came in more than one month to frustrate the disgrace and blame, seem to overturn one hundred flavor bottles in the heart, sadness, resentfulness, lonely, helpless, really feel all sorts of feelings well up, all come for the moment. Sit cold window face in the fatherless moon, Tang ShaoYi talks to oneself unavoidably alone: "Democratic republicanism, is made by " temporary provisional constitution ". Since order of president need cabinet countersign, I the the premier very make it even? "
Speech finish, Tang continue appearance compliment make already, by the time it was brighter and brighter, he tidied up the travelling bag, with wife and children to go straight towards the railway station directly to go to Tianjin.
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